水(shui)庫溢(yi)洪道(dao)，是(shi)(shi)保證水(shui)利工程(cheng)建(jian)設使用(yong)功能目(mu)標達成的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)，也是(shi)(shi)保護設施(shi)運行(xing)安(an)全穩定(ding)性的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要設施(shi)。其(qi)施(shi)工建(jian)設過程(cheng)易受環(huan)境因素與(yu)施(shi)工技(ji)術水(shui)平不高等因素影響。為(wei)解(jie)決(jue)此問(wen)題，相關(guan)建(jian)設者應(ying)借鑒以(yi)往(wang)施(shi)工技(ji)術運用(yong)經(jing)驗來對不同建(jian)設條件(jian)下的(de)(de)溢(yi)洪道(dao)工程(cheng)進行(xing)科(ke)學合理控制。這是(shi)(shi)提(ti)升(sheng)水(shui)利工程(cheng)建(jian)設使用(yong)安(an)全效果(guo)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)，研究人員應(ying)將其(qi)充分重(zhong)(zhong)視起(qi)來，以(yi)推動所(suo)處地區現代化經(jing)濟建(jian)設的(de)(de)全面發展(zhan)。

1研究水庫溢(yi)洪道施工(gong)技術(shu)在水利工(gong)程中應用的現實意(yi)義

溢(yi)洪(hong)道，作(zuo)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)防洪(hong)設(she)施，從組成(cheng)角度來看，其(qi)是由控制段、水(shui)(shui)(shui)渠部(bu)分、出水(shui)(shui)(shui)渠以及(ji)泄(xie)(xie)槽(cao)(cao)組成(cheng)（進水(shui)(shui)(shui)渠、控制段、泄(xie)(xie)槽(cao)(cao)段、消力池(chi)、尾水(shui)(shui)(shui)渠），且(qie)多設(she)置(zhi)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)壩某邊(bian)，被看成(cheng)大(da)槽(cao)(cao)。當(dang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)內部(bu)處于(yu)運(yun)行狀態，水(shui)(shui)(shui)位超(chao)出安(an)全限度，溢(yi)洪(hong)道就可發揮導流作(zuo)用，即(ji)將水(shui)(shui)(shui)引至下游部(bu)位，進而(er)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壩工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)整體性(xing)(xing)提供(gong)保(bao)障。然(ran)而(er)，在實際(ji)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)，溢(yi)洪(hong)道會(hui)受(shou)到(dao)所(suo)處建(jian)設(she)環境與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)(yao)求影響而(er)降(jiang)低作(zuo)用控制的(de)(de)有效性(xing)(xing)。為(wei)此，相關建(jian)設(she)者(zhe)應對以往水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)運(yun)用溢(yi)洪(hong)道施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術情況進行分析(xi)，以找出優(you)化控制要(yao)(yao)點(dian)。這樣一來，水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)就能(neng)借鑒(jian)科學(xue)合理的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法提升溢(yi)洪(hong)道建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)安(an)全可靠性(xing)(xing)[1]。

2水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)溢(yi)洪道施(shi)工(gong)技術在水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)程(cheng)中的應用(yong)要點

2.1優化技(ji)術方案設計

為使水利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)效(xiao)果達到預期，相關建(jian)(jian)設(she)者應嚴格控制(zhi)各個項(xiang)目的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量。其(qi)中溢洪道施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的(de)運用(yong)，需(xu)從設(she)計入手(shou)，通過(guo)對(dui)水庫工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)全面勘察，在掌握所需(xu)資料(liao)基礎(chu)上(shang)，采用(yong)綜合分析方(fang)法來對(dui)影響施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量因素進行控制(zhi)。如(ru)此，設(she)計確定(ding)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案就能更具適用(yong)性。此外，還(huan)要(yao)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案進行論證分析，通過(guo)對(dui)不合理問題的(de)優化調整，來提(ti)升方(fang)案運用(yong)實踐的(de)科(ke)學性，進而為后續施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術工(gong)(gong)(gong)作開展提(ti)供環境條件。

2.2施工過程(cheng)的質控

首先，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)按(an)(an)照(zhao)水庫溢(yi)(yi)洪道(dao)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案做好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計，并按(an)(an)照(zhao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設(she)需求與(yu)所處環(huan)(huan)(huan)境條件配備響應(ying)的(de)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)設(she)備。如此，就可(ke)通過全面細致的(de)準備、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作面清理(li)，來為(wei)后續施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作提(ti)(ti)供安全可(ke)靠的(de)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境[2]。其次，采用動(dong)態化管理(li)方(fang)式，即派(pai)遣管理(li)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)深(shen)入至溢(yi)(yi)洪道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)地，并按(an)(an)照(zhao)設(she)計規范標(biao)準與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)求進行混凝土與(yu)鋼筋(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)建設(she)控制(zhi)。具體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作內容(rong)就是通過檢(jian)查來實施(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)現場(chang)的(de)動(dong)態化控制(zhi)，進而(er)為(wei)溢(yi)(yi)洪道(dao)的(de)整體施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效果(guo)(guo)提(ti)(ti)供保(bao)障。最(zui)后，做好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量驗收，當施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)完成后，就要(yao)進入質量檢(jian)驗工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)。水庫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設(she)者應(ying)組(zu)織(zhi)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)技術(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)對溢(yi)(yi)洪道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量進行檢(jian)查，以(yi)保(bao)證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效果(guo)(guo)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設(she)要(yao)求保(bao)持(chi)一致。

3水庫溢洪道(dao)施工(gong)技術在水利(li)工(gong)程中(zhong)的應用控制(zhi)實(shi)例

貴州地區某水庫(ku)工程大(da)壩的(de)集雨(yu)面積約829km2，水庫(ku)總庫(ku)容設(she)計約為(wei)3200萬m3，年平均(jun)徑流量(liang)約為(wei)26600萬m3，正常(chang)庫(ku)容量(liang)為(wei)2480萬m3。水庫(ku)建(jian)設(she)使用的(de)基本(ben)功能為(wei)：供水、防洪(hong)，為(wei)達到預期建(jian)設(she)效果(guo)，建(jian)設(she)人員結合(he)工程建(jian)設(she)實(shi)際情況采(cai)用了以下幾點(dian)溢洪(hong)道(dao)施工控制措施：

（1）圍堰(yan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術，相(xiang)關人員應(ying)根據(ju)水庫(ku)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設計(ji)要求設置(zhi)圍堰(yan)，即采(cai)用砌土(tu)護坡形式(shi)。由于溢洪(hong)(hong)道圍堰(yan)處在(zai)(zai)水庫(ku)邊緣位(wei)置(zhi)，因此，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)過程(cheng)(cheng)，應(ying)對河(he)床進行(xing)清理(li)(li)。當(dang)削(xue)坡作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)完(wan)成(cheng)后，應(ying)開展紅黏土(tu)攤鋪作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，并在(zai)(zai)結束(shu)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)后進行(xing)壓水處理(li)(li)。此過程(cheng)(cheng)，干(gan)容量應(ying)達到1.6kg/m3。這樣一來(lai)，圍堰(yan)就能為(wei)溢洪(hong)(hong)道工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設的抗滲(shen)水性與(yu)排水量控(kong)制(zhi)提供支撐。實際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)選用混(hun)凝土(tu)振(zhen)搗(dao)設備時，應(ying)按照邊墻(qiang)與(yu)底板(ban)位(wei)置(zhi)輔料厚(hou)(hou)度(du)來(lai)進行(xing)確定(ding)。如(ru)采(cai)用振(zhen)搗(dao)棒(bang)，應(ying)將(jiang)輔料厚(hou)(hou)度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)0.3m以內。如(ru)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)采(cai)用高頻(pin)振(zhen)搗(dao)機，就要將(jiang)輔料厚(hou)(hou)度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)0.5~0.7m之間。底板(ban)澆筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)，先要對平面(mian)進行(xing)拉振(zhen)與(yu)振(zhen)搗(dao)同時作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，通過整(zheng)面(mian)處理(li)(li)來(lai)規(gui)避混(hun)凝土(tu)干(gan)裂現象出(chu)現[3]。（溢洪(hong)(hong)道施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)怎么突然(ran)說(shuo)道圍堰(yan)咯(ge)）

（2）混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施工(gong)(gong)技術，由于(yu)水庫(ku)溢洪道作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)材(cai)料的性能質(zhi)量(liang)要求很(hen)高，因此，施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)，需嚴格案中案既定規范標(biao)準進(jin)行(xing)施工(gong)(gong)控制。如，在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)底板(ban)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)，應(ying)(ying)為塔吊與帷幕灌漿作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提供(gong)條(tiao)件。墩墻(qiang)的澆(jiao)(jiao)筑施工(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)先進(jin)行(xing)邊(bian)墩澆(jiao)(jiao)筑作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，以為后續施工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提供(gong)時間(jian)。邊(bian)墩澆(jiao)(jiao)筑施工(gong)(gong)，應(ying)(ying)從牛(niu)腿下(xia)部入手，并(bing)在(zai)完成鋼筋彎曲作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)后對相關位置的焊(han)接作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)質(zhi)量(liang)進(jin)行(xing)檢查(cha)。值得注(zhu)意的是，在(zai)未檢查(cha)預(yu)埋件位置準確與否(fou)情況(kuang)下(xia)，不得開展澆(jiao)(jiao)筑混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

（3）土(tu)方開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖施(shi)(shi)(shi)工技術，由于本水庫溢洪(hong)道施(shi)(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)的建筑面積約為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4.8hm2，即土(tu)方開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)段(duan)最大深度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4.2m，因此(ci)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工技術人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)閘(zha)室位(wei)置(zhi)進(jin)（怎(zen)么突然冒(mao)出閘(zha)閥室）行(xing)土(tu)方開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。此(ci)部位(wei)的開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)量較(jiao)大，深度(du)約3.2m，土(tu)方開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖總(zong)量超出2萬m3。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工技術人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)按(an)照設計方案(an)，采用(yong)(yong)分層(ceng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)方式，將(jiang)首層(ceng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖厚度(du)設定為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2m，第二層(ceng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖厚度(du)的參數范圍應(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)0.5~1.0m之間，而第三層(ceng)厚度(du)參數則要控制(zhi)在(zai)1.5~2.0m以內。開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)前，應(ying)(ying)(ying)利用(yong)(yong)手風(feng)鉆(zhan)進(jin)行(xing)開(kai)(kai)(kai)孔(kong)處理，制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)直徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)42mm。爆破作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)過程，應(ying)(ying)(ying)采用(yong)(yong)硝銨炸藥(yao)與防水炸藥(yao)進(jin)行(xing)安全(quan)控制(zhi)。齒槽部位(wei)的爆破作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)選用(yong)(yong)光面預裂方式。在(zai)選擇開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)臨界點時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)結合砂巖(yan)實際情況對預裂孔(kong)進(jin)行(xing)布置(zhi)，并把孔(kong)距設置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.5m，以此(ci)來(lai)提(ti)升炸藥(yao)量確(que)定的合理性。左岸(an)巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)的開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖施(shi)(shi)(shi)工，應(ying)(ying)(ying)充分考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)閘(zha)室方向的傾斜層(ceng)理，即傾斜角度(du)約為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)20°。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有效(xiao)規避滑(hua)(hua)塌事故發(fa)生(sheng)，需對滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)層(ceng)進(jin)行(xing)清理作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。具體(ti)過程，就是通過卸重開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，經增加砌石(shi)(shi)來(lai)對土(tu)方回填量進(jin)行(xing)優化控制(zhi)，進(jin)而實現(xian)巖(yan)體(ti)滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)的有效(xiao)控制(zhi)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)保證巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)穩(wen)定性與開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)的可靠性，需按(an)照施(shi)(shi)(shi)工方案(an)進(jin)行(xing)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖，以提(ti)高(gao)設施(shi)(shi)(shi)運用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)果充分發(fa)揮(hui)出來(lai)。

（4）帷幕(mu)與固結(jie)(jie)灌(guan)漿(jiang)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)，當溢(yi)洪道混凝(ning)土槽孔(kong)(kong)的強(qiang)度(du)(du)達到50%，就(jiu)(jiu)可開(kai)展(zhan)灌(guan)漿(jiang)作(zuo)業內容。在(zai)(zai)布置鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)機組過(guo)程中，應(ying)采用見縫插針(zhen)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。此(ci)階段設備(bei)(bei)運(yun)用情況(kuang)(kuang)為(wei)，機組運(yun)行(xing)2個，巖心回轉(zhuan)轉(zhuan)機為(wei)2臺(tai)，灌(guan)漿(jiang)泵為(wei)2臺(tai)，自(zi)動記錄灌(guan)漿(jiang)信(xin)息(xi)設備(bei)(bei)2臺(tai)。在(zai)(zai)運(yun)用鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)過(guo)程，應(ying)按照(zhao)右翼墻(qiang)體(ti)深(shen)度(du)(du)來(lai)進(jin)行(xing)控制(zhi)。通常情況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，制(zhi)作(zuo)帷幕(mu)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)過(guo)程中，多選(xuan)用2~2.5m的墻(qiang)體(ti)進(jin)行(xing)成(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)。由于此(ci)類墻(qiang)體(ti)厚度(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)0.8~3m之間，因(yin)此(ci)，開(kai)展(zhan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)作(zuo)業會對鋼筋(jin)造成(cheng)影響。為(wei)解決此(ci)問題，應(ying)采用預埋(mai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式，即(ji)將灌(guan)漿(jiang)管(guan)(guan)提(ti)前埋(mai)入(ru)后，再(zai)開(kai)展(zhan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)施工(gong)(gong)。對于灌(guan)漿(jiang)管(guan)(guan)的預埋(mai)過(guo)程，應(ying)結(jie)(jie)合實際情況(kuang)(kuang)，如(ru)墻(qiang)體(ti)深(shen)度(du)(du)來(lai)確定灌(guan)漿(jiang)管(guan)(guan)。長度(du)(du)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面，也要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)合理(li)控制(zhi)，否則，長度(du)(du)過(guo)短會使預留孔(kong)(kong)的順直度(du)(du)受到影響，進(jin)而降低(di)安裝(zhuang)施工(gong)(gong)效果。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)施工(gong)(gong)應(ying)按照(zhao)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)設計要(yao)求，在(zai)(zai)防滲體(ti)內部開(kai)展(zhan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)操作(zuo)。此(ci)外，還要(yao)運(yun)用測(ce)斜儀設備(bei)(bei)，保(bao)(bao)證孔(kong)(kong)向斜度(du)(du)。如(ru)此(ci)，就(jiu)(jiu)可對出現問題的孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)度(du)(du)進(jin)行(xing)糾正，并將其控制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)合理(li)范圍。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)沖洗完成(cheng)后，就(jiu)(jiu)可進(jin)行(xing)壓水施工(gong)(gong)處理(li)，即(ji)按照(zhao)自(zi)上(shang)而下(xia)(xia)的順序(xu)，經單點(dian)阻塞試驗來(lai)保(bao)(bao)證施工(gong)(gong)質量。灌(guan)漿(jiang)作(zuo)業過(guo)程，應(ying)采用自(zi)上(shang)而下(xia)(xia)分(fen)段阻塞內循(xun)環方(fang)(fang)(fang)式、自(zi)下(xia)(xia)而上(shang)的分(fen)段堵塞孔(kong)(kong)內循(xun)環作(zuo)業法以及(ji)孔(kong)(kong)口封閉孔(kong)(kong)內循(xun)環作(zuo)業法，來(lai)使灌(guan)漿(jiang)作(zuo)業的整體(ti)性得到保(bao)(bao)證。

4結束語

綜上所述，溢(yi)洪道施工(gong)技術運(yun)用效果達成，需按(an)照(zhao)工(gong)程建設要求與(yu)環境條(tiao)件來對(dui)各項施工(gong)環節進行方案優化與(yu)操(cao)作合理控制，以使溢(yi)洪道建設不受負面(mian)因素影響(xiang)。